Levels are essential to construction, home improvement, and DIY projects of all sizes. Whether you’re hanging a picture frame or building a house, a level helps you achieve accurate horizontal and vertical alignments. In this guide, we’ll explore the various level types, how to choose the right one for your project, and techniques for using them effectively.
Types of Levels and Their Uses
Levels are sold in a range of styles, each suited for different applications.
Spirit Levels
Spirit levels, also known as bubble levels, are the most common and versatile type. They use a liquid-filled vial with an air bubble to indicate when a surface is level or plumb. Plumb refers to vertical straightness (up and down) versus horizontal.
- Available in various lengths, from pocket-sized to 4 feet or longer
- Typically include multiple vials for checking level, plumb, and sometimes 45-degree angles
- Affordable and easy to use
- Suitable for a wide range of tasks, from hanging pictures to framing walls
Torpedo Levels
Torpedo levels are compact versions of spirit levels, designed for use in tight spaces or for quick checks.
- Small size makes them ideal for plumbing work and other confined areas
- Often include magnetic strips for hands-free use on metal surfaces
- May feature built-in lights for better visibility in dark spaces
- Good for hanging level shelves, installing electrical boxes, or leveling appliances
Laser Levels
Laser levels project straight lines onto surfaces, making them excellent for layout work and large-scale projects.
- Can project level, plumb, and sometimes cross lines over long distances
- Ideal for tiling, installing drop ceilings, or aligning multiple points in a room
- Also available in self-leveling models for added convenience
- Available in various configurations, including rotary lasers for 360-degree coverage
Digital Levels
Digital levels use electronic sensors to provide precise angle measurements and level readings on a digital display.
- Offer highly accurate measurements, often to a tenth of a degree
- Can measure and display angles for roof pitches or stair stringers
- May be able to store measurements for later reference
- Good for complex carpentry work or when precise angles are critical
Water Levels
Water levels are simple yet effective tools that use a clear tube filled with water to determine levels over long distances. These are useful for outdoor projects where traditional levels may not be practical.
- Inexpensive and easy to use
- Can cover large distances, making them ideal for landscaping and foundation work
- No need for calibration, as the water naturally finds the level point
- Useful in situations where line of sight is obstructed
How To Shop for a Level
When choosing a level, look for one with a sturdy frame made from durable materials such as aluminum or reinforced plastic, which resists warping and damage. Accuracy is the most important feature, so opt for a level with a high precision rating, typically within 0.5 millimeters per meter or better.
The vials should be easy to read, with clear markings and reliable liquid that doesn’t bubble excessively. A good level will have multiple vials for different measurements, including horizontal, vertical, and 45-degree angles. Digital readouts can give you easier-to-read, more precise measurements.
You may want to consider a level with shock-absorbing end caps that can protect the level from drops and impacts, which could extend its lifespan. Magnetic edges can make your level more versatile and provide hands-free use on metal surfaces. A comfortable grip and a lightweight design can also enhance ease of use.
How To Read a Level
Whether you’re using a traditional spirit level or a more advanced digital model, understand how to read the tool correctly. Remember that accuracy depends on the level’s calibration and the steadiness of your hand. Take multiple readings and average them for the best results.
Interpreting the Bubble
For spirit levels, the position of the bubble within the vial indicates whether a surface is level or plumb. Here’s how to read the bubble:
- Center the bubble between the marked lines for a level surface.
- If the bubble moves to the left, the left side of the surface is higher.
- If the bubble moves to the right, the right side is higher.
- For vertical (plumb) checks, the same principle applies, but with top and bottom instead of left and right.
Understanding Level Markings
Many levels feature additional markings that can be useful for specific tasks.
- Outer lines on vials often indicate a 2% grade, useful for drainage slopes.
- Some levels have degree markings for measuring angles.
- Digital levels display precise angle measurements on their screens.
Choosing the Right Level for Your Project
Selecting the appropriate level for your task can significantly impact the quality and efficiency of your work. Consider the following factors when choosing a level.
Factors To Consider
- Budget: Prices range from a few dollars for basic spirit levels to hundreds for advanced laser systems.
- Frequency of use: Invest in higher-quality levels for frequent use, or choose simpler models for occasional tasks.
- Precision needed: Digital levels offer the highest precision for critical alignments.
- Project scale: Larger projects may require longer levels or laser models for accuracy over distance.
- Working environment: Consider factors like lighting, space constraints, and surface material.
Best Levels for Different Tasks
Choosing the right type of level can make a huge difference in the ease and accuracy of your project. Here are the best levels for various tasks:
- General household tasks: A 24-inch spirit level is versatile for most home projects.
- Carpentry and framing: 4-foot levels or longer are ideal for checking large surfaces and long spans.
- Plumbing work: Torpedo levels with magnetic strips are good for pipe alignment.
- Tiling and flooring: Laser levels help maintain consistent lines over large areas.
- Outdoor projects: Choose rugged, weather-resistant models for landscaping or deck building.
Proper Level Techniques
Mastering the correct level techniques helps ensure accurate results and prevents costly project mistakes.
Setting Up Your Level
Prepare your level and project surface before getting started. Here are some tips:
- Clean the surface of the level and the area you’re measuring to remove any debris.
- Support both ends of longer levels to prevent sagging, which can affect accuracy.
- When using a laser level, set it on a stable surface or tripod and allow it to self-level if it has that feature.
Checking for Level and Plumb
Here’s how to use your level when checking level and plumb straightness.
- Place the level firmly against the surface you’re checking.
- For horizontal surfaces, use the level vial. For vertical surfaces, use the plumb vial.
- Take readings from multiple positions to ensure consistency.
- For increased accuracy, flip the level end-for-end and recheck. The bubble should be in the same position.
Using a Level on Different Surfaces
Different surfaces may require specific techniques to achieve accurate leveling.
- Uneven surfaces: Use shims or adjustable feet to achieve level.
- Curved surfaces: Use a straight edge in conjunction with your level.
- Metal surfaces: Take advantage of magnetic levels for hands-free operation.
- Large areas: Use a laser level to project lines across the entire space.
Maintaining and Calibrating Your Level
Regular maintenance and calibration help ensure your level remains accurate over time. Proper care will extend the life of your tool and maintain its precision.
How To Check Level Accuracy
Follow the steps below to check that your level is measuring accurately:
- Place the level on a flat surface and note the bubble’s position.
- Rotate the level 180 degrees and check the bubble again.
- If the bubble is in the same position both times, your level is accurate.
- If the positions differ, your level may need calibration or replacement.
Calibration Techniques
For levels with adjustable vials, use the following technique:
- Use the method above to identify inaccuracies.
- Adjust the vial using the calibration screws until the bubble reads consistently in both positions.
- Repeat the process for all vials on the level.
For a non-adjustable level, consider replacing the tool if it’s significantly out of calibration.
Troubleshooting Common Level Issues
Even with proper care, levels can present challenges. Knowing how to address these issues can save you time and prevent frustration.
Dealing With Inaccurate Readings
Here are some common inconsistencies you may experience and how to fix them:
- Bubble doesn’t settle: The level may be damaged or the liquid in the vial may have evaporated. Consider replacement.
- Digital level errors: Check battery life and recalibrate according to manufacturer instructions.
- Inconsistent results: Check for debris on the surface or level. Clean thoroughly and retest.
Fixing Damaged Levels
Damaged levels may be fixable or require replacement. Here are some common issues:
- Bent frames: Aluminum levels can sometimes be carefully straightened. Wood levels may need replacement.
- Cracked vials: Replace the vial if possible, or consider upgrading to a new level.
- Damaged electronics: For laser or digital levels, consult the manufacturer for repair options or warranty coverage.