If your next do-it-yourself (DIY) project requires a ladder, you should know how to use it safely. Ladders are common tools for many home projects, but they can be dangerous if operated incorrectly. This guide will walk you through tips and techniques to help you stay safe on different types of ladders while getting the job done smoothly.
Common Ladder Types and Their Uses
Before you start any project that involves a ladder, it’s a good idea to know the different types available and what they’re best used for. This will help you pick the right one for the job.
Material Matters: Ladders today are primarily made from fiberglass or aluminum. As TOH contractor Nathan explains, fiberglass doesn’t conduct electricity, making it the go-to choice for electricians and anyone working near power lines entering the house. Aluminum ladders, on the other hand, are prized for their light weight — painters love them because they’re easy to move around a job site. Wood ladders have largely been phased out of production, though if you still have a serviceable one, it can still be used.
Stepladders
Stepladders are self-supporting, meaning they stand on their own with flat steps. They’re great for indoor use or when you don’t need to reach very high.
They come in various sizes, usually between 4 and 20 feet. When choosing a stepladder, think about how high you need to go. Factor in that you shouldn’t stand on the top two steps. For example, a 6-foot stepladder works well for reaching a 10-foot ceiling.
Extension Ladders
Extension ladders have two or more sections that slide out to reach higher spots. They need to lean against something sturdy and are good for outdoor tasks like painting your home’s exterior or getting onto the roof.
Pick an extension ladder that extends at least 3 feet beyond where you need to work. For example, a 24-foot extension ladder is ideal for reaching a 20-foot roofline.
Multi-Position Ladders
These versatile ladders can be used in different ways, like a stepladder, extension ladder, or even as scaffolding. If you want flexibility without buying multiple ladders, this is a good option.
Before climbing a multi-position ladder, make sure all hinge locks are properly seated in each configuration. Stick to the configurations shown on the manufacturer’s diagram — don’t improvise your own setups. As one TOH expert warns: “You don’t wanna make up your own stuff.”
Pro Tip: Nathan, a TOH contractor, keeps a multi-position ladder in his truck at all times: “A lot of people have them now, especially homeowners, because they can do so many things. I can open this up, stand it against the side of a building.” He also notes that by pulling the pins on the side, you can raise one leg higher than the other — essential for working safely on stairs.
Proper Ladder Setup and Positioning
How you set up your ladder is just as important as the type you use. Ensuring it’s stable and on solid ground will go a long way toward preventing accidents.
Pro Tip: Tom Silva, This Old House general contractor, stresses the importance of not cutting corners during setup: “I know a lot of people—professionals, even—who have been hurt only because they tried to take a shortcut when setting up their ladders.”
Choosing the Right Location
Find a solid, level surface for your ladder. Avoid setting it up on wet or uneven ground. If the surface isn’t level, you can use ladder levelers to keep it steady.
Ensuring Stability
If you’re using a stepladder, fully open the spreaders and lock them in place. For an extension ladder, make sure both the top and bottom are secured against a stable surface. Never set up a ladder in front of a door unless the door is locked or blocked.
The 4-to-1 Rule for Extension Ladders
When using an extension ladder, follow the 4-to-1 rule: for every 4 feet in height, move the base 1 foot away from the wall. This ensures the ladder meets the ground at a 75-degree angle for the best stability and ease of climbing.
Safety Guidelines for All Ladders
No matter what type of ladder you’re using, here are some general safety practices that can help you avoid accidents:
- Inspecting your ladder before use: Before each use, check your ladder for damage, loose parts, or wear, and fix any issues.
- Maintaining three points of contact: Always keep two hands and one foot, or two feet and one hand on the ladder while climbing or working.
- Weight limits and duty ratings: Adhere to the ladder’s weight capacity and duty rating, as exceeding these limits can lead to ladder failure and serious injury.
TOH general contractor Tom Silva advises: “If the ground at the ladder’s base is uneven, make it level by digging out dirt and standing the legs on a wide plank. Make sure the ladder is firmly seated—it shouldn’t rock or wiggle.” And never use a ladder on icy ground.
Working Safely on a Stepladder
Stepladders are common around the house, but that familiarity can lead to carelessness. Here are some tips to stay safe while using one.
Correct Climbing Technique
When climbing a stepladder, face the ladder and use both hands. Take your time, and always keep three points of contact. Remember, never climb higher than the second step from the top.
A step ladder is meant to be fully opened when in use—never fold it up and lean it against a wall like an extension ladder. Before climbing, confirm that the spreaders are actually locked down into position. Also, wear a tool belt so you can keep your hands free; if you need to carry a tool or material up, stow it on your belt to maintain those three points of contact at all times.
Proper Positioning on the Ladder
Keep your hips between the rails to avoid overreaching. If you can’t reach your target comfortably, climb down and move the ladder over.
Common Stepladder Mistakes To Avoid
Don’t stand on the top step or the paint shelf, as these aren’t designed to support your weight. Also, never “walk” the ladder by trying to move it while you’re on it. Always climb down first.
Mastering Extension Ladder Safety
Extension ladders are useful for reaching higher areas, but they require extra care since they’re not self-supporting. Here’s how to use them safely.
Safe Climbing and Descending Methods
When climbing, face the ladder and keep a firm grip. Don’t carry tools in your hands while climbing—use a tool belt or have someone pass them to you once you’re up.
The Three-Point Rule: Always maintain three points of contact when climbing—two feet and one hand, or two hands and one foot. This means your hands should be free at all times when ascending or descending. Keep tools in a tool belt so you can maintain those three points of contact throughout your climb.
Securing the Ladder Top and Bottom
Make sure the top of the ladder is secured so it can’t slide sideways, and use ladder feet or stakes at the bottom to prevent slipping. If you can, have someone hold the ladder steady while you climb.
Setting the Right Angle: To raise an extension ladder safely when working alone, lay it on the ground with its feet braced against the foundation of the house, then walk it upright hand over hand. Once vertical, walk the base out to create the proper 75-degree angle. A simple rule of thumb: the ratio is 4 feet up for every 1 foot out from the building. Also, never rest an extension ladder against a tree or pole, where it can rotate and fall. And always use wood or fiberglass—not aluminum—ladders anywhere near power lines.
Accessing a Roof Safely
When getting onto a roof, the ladder should extend at least 3 feet above the roofline. To step onto the roof, hold the ladder with both hands and swing one leg around to step onto the roof. Avoid stepping over the top of the ladder.
Choosing the Right Ladder for Your Project
Choosing the right ladder will help you work safely and get the job done right.
Material Considerations
Ladders come in wood, aluminum, and fiberglass. Wood is affordable but heavy. Aluminum is lightweight and strong but conducts electricity, so don’t use it for electrical work. Fiberglass is non-conductive and durable, but it’s the heaviest and most expensive option.
Height Requirements
For stepladders, choose one that lets you comfortably reach your work area without standing on the top steps. For extension ladders, add about 7–10 feet to the height you need to reach.
Pro Tip: John Drengenberg, an engineer with Underwriters Laboratories, stresses that choosing the right ladder length is critical: “A lot of the accidents happen because the ladder is not long enough. People are stretching out too far, reaching too high, and reaching too far on the ladder.” Every year, over 160,000 people end up in the emergency room due to ladder accidents—so getting the right size matters more than you might think.
Special Features To Look For
Look for ladders with features like non-slip feet, tool trays, or adjustable leg levelers for uneven ground. Some ladders have built-in bubble levels for positioning or wider rungs for better foot stability. Modern ladders may also come with hooks and trays to hold tools or buckets while you work.
Ladder Maintenance and Storage
Taking care of your ladder will keep it in good shape and safe to use for years. Dirt, grease, and other materials can make a ladder slippery, so clean it regularly with mild soap and water. Don’t climb the ladder while it’s wet. Stay away from harsh chemicals that could damage the ladder.
Store it in a dry, well-ventilated space, away from heat sources and direct sunlight. Wooden ladders shouldn’t be kept in damp areas to prevent warping. Extension ladders should be stored horizontally or vertically and fully supported in order to avoid bending.
If your ladder has cracks, bends, or loose parts, it’s time to replace it. If you’re not sure, have it inspected or get a new one to be on the safe side.
